Global Climate Report

Temperature

NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information calculates the global temperature anomaly every month based on preliminary data generated from authoritative datasets of temperature observations from around the globe. The major dataset, NOAAGlobalTemp version 6.0.0, uses comprehensive data collections of increased global area coverage over both land and ocean surfaces. NOAAGlobalTempv6.0.0 is a reconstructed dataset, meaning that the entire period of record is recalculated each month with new data. Based on those new calculations, the new historical data can bring about updates to previously reported values. These factors, together, mean that calculations from the past may be superseded by the most recent data and can affect the numbers reported in the monthly climate reports. The most current reconstruction analysis is always considered the most representative and precise of the climate system, and it is publicly available through Climate at a Glance.

March 2025

March 2025 was the third-warmest March on record for the globe in NOAA's 176-year record. The March global surface temperature was 1.31°C (2.36°F) above the 20th-century average of 12.7°C (54.9°F). This is 0.03°C (0.05°F) less than the record-warm March of last year. March 2025 marked the 49th consecutive March with global temperatures, at least nominally, above the 20th-century average.

Global land-only March temperatures ranked second warmest on record at 2.24°C (4.03°F) above average. Ocean-only temperatures also ranked second warmest on record for March at 0.90°C (1.62°F) above average. These temperatures occurred as the weak La Niña, which was present from December through February, transitioned to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-neutral conditions. Global temperatures tend to be cooler during periods of La Niña in comparison to ENSO-neutral and especially when El Niño is present. According to NOAA's Climate Prediction Center, ENSO-neutral conditions returned in March, with below-average sea surface temperatures weakening in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific Ocean. ENSO-neutral is favored during the Northern Hemisphere summer, with a greater than 50% chance through August–October 2025.

Approximately 3.9% of the global land surface was affected by record-warm conditions in March, areas that included much of the southern half of Australia, parts of northern Africa, areas of southern Brazil, and parts of southeastern Europe. Temperatures much warmer than average stretched across large parts of the eastern U.S., Alaska, western Canada, and much of the Arctic, where anomalies greater than 4.0°C (7.2°F) were widespread. Much-warmer-than-average temperatures also covered much of Europe into central Asia, northwest Africa, and Australia.

March temperatures were cooler than the 1991–2020 average across a large part of central Canada, where anomalies less than -3.0°C (-5.4°F) were widespread, eastern Greenland, and eastern Asia. Large parts of the Antarctic also were cooler than average in March. There were practically no areas of record cold temperatures on a global scale in March.

In the Northern Hemisphere, March 2025 ranked second warmest on record at 1.69°C (3.04°F) above average, cooler than the March 2016 record of 1.82°C (3.28°F). The Northern Hemisphere land temperature and the ocean temperature also were each individually second warmest. The Southern Hemisphere also had its second-warmest March at 0.94°C (1.69°F) above average. The Southern Hemisphere land temperature was third warmest while the ocean temperature ranked second warmest on record for March.

Sea surface temperatures were record warm across a large area of the western tropical Pacific, parts of mid-latitude central Pacific, as well as small areas in the southeast Pacific, the southwest Atlantic, and small parts of the Southern Ocean. Areas with near-average to cooler-than-average March temperatures included the central and eastern tropical Pacific, areas of the southeastern Pacific and the adjoining Southern Ocean, small parts of the southern Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Approximately 6.4% of the global ocean was record warm in March, while only 0.01% was record cold.

March 2025 Blended Land and Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in degrees Celsius

March 2025 Blended Land and Sea Surface Temperature Percentiles

A smoothed map of blended land and sea surface temperature anomalies is also available.

Europe had its warmest March on record, South America its sixth-warmest, and Africa its third-warmest March.

According to the UK Meteorological Office, this was the tenth-warmest March for the UK. The national mean temperature was 1.3°C (2.34°F) above the 1991–2020 average, based on provisional data in a series starting in 1884. Maximum temperatures were particularly high, with the UK experiencing its fourth-highest mean maximum temperature for March.
In Germany, March was 1.4°C (2.52°F) above the 1991–2020 average, which is the 17th-warmest such month since records began in 1881.
The Finnish Meteorological Service reported that March 2025 was warmer than average throughout the country, particularly in southern Finland. The monthly average temperature in Helsinki (at the Kaisaniemi observation station) was 2.8°C (37.04°F), which is the second highest on record; only March 2007 was milder. The average March temperature was 2.5°C (36.5°F) in Kaarina, on the southern tip of Finland; a new record for the station in its 98-year observation history.
In Sweden, March was warmer than normal (the third warmest on record), particularly in central areas of northern Sweden, where Hoting was 4.7°C (8.46°F) above the 1991–2020 average. Temperatures were coolest in southern Sweden; March was 1.5°C (2.70°F) above average on the southern tip of Oland Island and Utklippan.
According to the Irish Meteorological Service, it was warmer than average across Ireland in March. Mean temperatures ranged from 1.1°C (1.98°F) above average at Sherkin Island to 1.8°C (3.24°F) above average at Knock Airport (its warmest March since 2012). Thirteen stations had their warmest March since 2012 and twelve stations had their warmest March since 2017.

Oceania had its warmest March on record by a wide margin, while Asia had its tenth-warmest March.

Australia had its warmest March on record, in a series that began in 1910. The area-average mean temperature was 2.41°C (4.34°F) above the 1961–1990 average. On a state by state basis, it was the warmest March on record for New South Wales, South Australia and Western Australia.
The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research in New Zealand reported that the nationwide March 2025 average temperature for New Zealand was 0.5°C (0.9°F) above the 1991-2020 average, in a series which begins in 1909. Temperatures were well above average (more than 1.20°C above average) for most of the South Island as well as parts of Wellington, Taranaki, northern Hawke’s Bay, Bay of Plenty, and Northland.
The March 2025 national mean monthly temperature for Pakistan was 1.50°C above the 1991–2020 average in March. The hottest day of March in Pakistan occurred at Mithi (Sindh province) on the 11th and 24th when it recorded a maximum temperature of 42.0°C (107.6°F).
According to the Hong Kong Observatory, the mean temperature for Hong Kong in March 2025 was 0.6°C (1.08°F) above the 1991–2020 average. The monthly mean maximum temperature was 1.6°C (2.88°F) above average, the tenth-warmest March on record.

North America had its seventh-warmest March at 2.24°C (4.03°F) above average.

The average temperature of the contiguous U.S. in March 2025 was 46.90°F(8.28°C), which is 5.40°F (3.0°C) above the 1901-2000 average, ranking it the sixth-warmest March on record.
The Caribbean region had its second-warmest March on record, 1.17°C (2.11°F) above the 1910-2000 average. This is 0.28°C (0.50°F) less than March 2024.

March Ranks and Records
March	Anomaly		Rank (out of 176 years)		Records
March	°C	°F	Rank (out of 176 years)		Year(s)	°C	°F
Global
Land	+2.24	+4.03	Warmest	2nd	2016	+2.46	+4.43
Land	+2.24	+4.03	Coolest	175th	1886	-1.12	-2.02
Ocean	+0.90	+1.62	Warmest	2nd	2024	+1.00	+1.80
Ocean	+0.90	+1.62	Coolest	175th	1904	-0.50	-0.90
Land and Ocean	+1.31	+2.36	Warmest	3rd	2024	+1.34	+2.41
Land and Ocean	+1.31	+2.36	Coolest	174th	1917	-0.66	-1.19
Northern Hemisphere
Land	+2.74	+4.93	Warmest	2nd	2016	+3.12	+5.62
Land	+2.74	+4.93	Coolest	175th	1912	-1.55	-2.79
Ocean	+0.90	+1.62	Warmest	2nd	2024	+1.10	+1.98
Ocean	+0.90	+1.62	Coolest	175th	1910	-0.55	-0.99
Land and Ocean	+1.69	+3.04	Warmest	2nd	2016	+1.82	+3.28
Land and Ocean	+1.69	+3.04	Coolest	175th	1917	-0.79	-1.42
Southern Hemisphere
Land	+1.11	+2.00	Warmest	3rd	2024	+1.43	+2.57
Land	+1.11	+2.00	Coolest	174th	1885	-1.20	-2.16
Ocean	+0.90	+1.62	Warmest	2nd	2024	+0.92	+1.66
Ocean	+0.90	+1.62	Coolest	175th	1911	-0.51	-0.92
Land and Ocean	+0.94	+1.69	Warmest	2nd	2024	+1.02	+1.84
Land and Ocean	+0.94	+1.69	Coolest	175th	1911	-0.54	-0.97
Antarctic
Land and Ocean	+0.22	+0.40	Warmest	43rd	1966	+1.15	+2.07
	+0.22	+0.40	Coolest	134th	1960	-1.28	-2.30
	Ties: 1903, 2019				1960	-1.28	-2.30
Arctic
Land and Ocean	+3.16	+5.69	Warmest	7th	2019	+4.31	+7.76
Land and Ocean	+3.16	+5.69	Coolest	170th	1902	-2.91	-5.24

500 mb maps

In the atmosphere, 500-millibar height pressure anomalies correlate well with temperatures at the Earth's surface. The average position of the upper-level ridges of high pressure and troughs of low pressure—depicted by positive and negative 500-millibar height anomalies on the map—is generally reflected by areas of positive and negative temperature anomalies at the surface, respectively.

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Year-to-date Temperature: January–March 2025

The January–March global surface temperature ranked second warmest in the 176-year record at 1.31°C (2.36°F) above the 1901-2000 average of 12.3°C (54.1°F). According to NCEI's statistical analysis, there is a 6.2% chance that 2025 will rank as the warmest year on record and a 99.9% chance that it will rank in the top five.

The January to March year–to–date period was characterized by widespread much-warmer-than-average to record-warm conditions across much of the world. Record warmth occurred in areas of the western Arctic, large parts of Australia, an area that stretched from southern Brazil into southern Paraguay and northeast Argentina, as well as parts of Niger, Tanzania, southern Mozambique, and Myanmar. Much-warmer-than-average temperatures occurred throughout most of Europe, western and southern Asia, much of South America and Central America, the Arctic, and in most of Australia. Conversely, areas of below-average year–to–date temperatures occurred in large parts of the central and western U.S. stretching northward throughout central and southwestern Canada. Other areas of widespread cooler-than-average conditions included central and southeastern Greenland, the Russian Far East, parts of Southeast Asia, and southern Africa and Sudan.

Record-warm sea surface temperatures for the January–March period were present in the tropical western Pacific, in association with La Niña, the southwest Indian Ocean, small areas of the Caribbean and North Atlantic, and parts of the south-central Pacific, as well as an area of the Southern Ocean stretching south of Australia. The most widespread areas of cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures occurred in the central tropical Pacific, parts of the southeast Pacific and Southern Ocean, the western North Atlantic, and areas of the southern South Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

January–March 2025 Blended Land and Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in degrees Celsius

January–March 2025 Blended Land and Sea Surface Temperature Percentiles

A smoothed map of blended land and sea surface temperature anomalies is also available.

North America had its ninth-warmest January–March, South America its fourth warmest, and Europe its third-warmest January–March. Oceania had its warmest January–March by a wide margin, Africa had its fourth warmest, and Asia its third-warmest January–March. Overall, the Northern Hemisphere had its third-warmest year-to-date, 0.05°C (0.09°F) less than the record warmth in 2016, while the Southern Hemisphere had its second-warmest such period on record, only 0.03°C (0.05°F) cooler than in 2024.

The Arctic had its second-warmest January–March on record, 3.93°C (7.07°F) above average.
The average temperature of the contiguous U.S. for the January–March 2025 period was 36.98°F (2.77°C), which is 1.83°F (1.02°C) above the 1901-2000 average, ranking as the 35th-warmest January–March on record.
The U.S. Hawaiian Islands region had its warmest January–March on record in the 176-year series, 1.04°C (1.87°F) above average.
The Caribbean region had its second-warmest January–March on record, 1.17°C (2.11°F) above the 1910-2000 average.

January-March Ranks and Records
January-March	Anomaly		Rank (out of 176 years)		Records
January-March	°C	°F	Rank (out of 176 years)		Year(s)	°C	°F
Global
Land	+2.22	+4.00	Warmest	2nd	2016	+2.31	+4.16
Land	+2.22	+4.00	Coolest	175th	1893	-1.05	-1.89
Ocean	+0.90	+1.62	Warmest	2nd	2024	+1.02	+1.84
Ocean	+0.90	+1.62	Coolest	175th	1917	-0.50	-0.90
Land and Ocean	+1.31	+2.36	Warmest	2nd	2024	+1.35	+2.43
Land and Ocean	+1.31	+2.36	Coolest	175th	1917	-0.60	-1.08
Northern Hemisphere
Land	+2.72	+4.90	Warmest	2nd	2016	+2.93	+5.27
Land	+2.72	+4.90	Coolest	175th	1893	-1.35	-2.43
Ocean	+0.95	+1.71	Warmest	2nd	2024	+1.17	+2.11
Ocean	+0.95	+1.71	Coolest	175th	1917	-0.52	-0.94
Land and Ocean	+1.71	+3.08	Warmest	3rd	2016	+1.76	+3.17
Land and Ocean	+1.71	+3.08	Coolest	174th	1893	-0.77	-1.39
Southern Hemisphere
Land	+1.10	+1.98	Warmest	1st	2024, 2025	+1.10	+1.98
	+1.10	+1.98	Coolest	176th	1918	-0.82	-1.48
	Ties: 2024				1918	-0.82	-1.48
Ocean	+0.87	+1.57	Warmest	2nd	2024	+0.92	+1.66
Ocean	+0.87	+1.57	Coolest	175th	1911, 1917	-0.49	-0.88
Land and Ocean	+0.92	+1.66	Warmest	2nd	2024	+0.95	+1.71
Land and Ocean	+0.92	+1.66	Coolest	175th	1917	-0.52	-0.94
Antarctic
Land and Ocean	+0.29	+0.52	Warmest	24th	1986	+0.65	+1.17
Land and Ocean	+0.29	+0.52	Coolest	153rd	1960	-0.73	-1.31
Arctic
Land and Ocean	+3.93	+7.07	Warmest	2nd	2016	+4.33	+7.79
Land and Ocean	+3.93	+7.07	Coolest	175th	1966	-2.71	-4.88

Precipitation

The maps shown below represent precipitation percent of normal (left, using a base period of 1961–1990) and precipitation percentiles (right, using the period of record) based on the GHCN dataset of land surface stations.

March 2025

March 2025 Land-Only Precipitation Anomalies

March 2025 Land-Only Precipitation Percent of Normal

Precipitation data from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) shown in the maps above are augmented by data with greater spatial coverage from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP). The GHCN and GPCP map of precipitation anomalies and GPCP precipitation ranks show wetter-than-average March conditions in areas that included eastern Canada, parts of northern Europe, and eastern Greenland, Portugal, and Spain (where many areas had their wettest March on record). Other areas with above-average precipitation included an area stretching from southern France and Italy eastward through Romania and Moldova, much of Russia, Mongolia, and central and northern China, parts of Southeast Asia that included Indonesia, Malaysia, and southern Vietnam, and central and eastern Australia. Large parts of East Africa and the southern African countries of South Africa, Namibia, southern Angola, and southwestern Botswana also were wetter-than-average; some parts of those countries had their wettest March on record. Several areas of South America -- central Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia, northern Ecuador, southern Colombia, and much of Venezuela -- also had above average precipitation in March. Drier-than-average conditions were present in much of central Canada, the U.S. Southern Plains and Mid-Atlantic, much of central Europe, parts of Southwest Asia and much of South Asia. Other areas with below-average precipitation included many of the southwest Pacific islands, equatorial western Africa, and central and southern Brazil.

A continuation of below-average precipitation in South Korea led to large wildfires, including the reported biggest forest fire in South Korea’s history, caused more than two dozen fatalities and badly damaged or destroyed historic structures.

As noted above, many parts of Spain had their wettest March on record. The heavy rains helped end long-term drought but caused river overflows and severe flooding in many areas, leading to reports of several casualties and widespread evacuations.

Continuation of heavy rain, flooding, and landslides in Ecuador resulted in reports of fatalities and damage to tens of thousands of homes.

Persistent rainfall since the beginning of the year in Bolivia led to flooding across the country and declarations of states of disaster in many areas, with reports of dozens of fatalities and damage or loss of thousands of homes and buildings.

Other March precipitation summaries provided by national meteorological services include the following.

According to the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, the national area-averaged March rainfall total was 47% above the 1961-1990 average. Queensland had its third-wettest March since records began in 1900, with area-averaged rainfall 124% above average.
- March rainfall was the highest on record in areas of central western, northern and southeastern Queensland and in small parts of northeastern New South Wales. This was due in large part to Severe Tropical Cyclone Alfred. The slow-moving storm brought heavy to intense rainfall, with totals greater than 800 mm (31.5 in.) in isolated areas of the Northern Rivers and Northern Tablelands districts of New South Wales and greater than 1000 mm (39.4 in.) in Queensland's Gold Coast Hinterland. The highest rainfall total during the event was 1009.8 mm (39.8 in.) at Lower Springbrook Alert in Queensland. Many stations had their record highest daily rainfall for March or for any month.
- Heavy rainfall across the northern tropical coast of Queensland also occurred March 13–19, when strong southeasterly trade winds brought heavy rainfall, and a low pressure trough further enhanced the rainfall. The highest daily totals were across the North Tropical Coast and Tablelands and northern Herbert and Lower Burdekin districts. Cardwell Range recorded 402.8 mm (15.9 in.) in 24 hours, the highest daily total during the event. The station also recorded the highest 7-day total (1090.8 mm/42.9 in.).

In New Zealand, the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research reported that March rainfall was below normal (50-79% of normal) or well below normal (<50% of normal) across much of the North Island, and northern, western and inland parts of the South Island. Above normal rainfall (120-149% of normal) or well above normal rainfall (>149% of normal) was observed in Gisborne, northern Hawke’s Bay, and the eastern South Island.

In Pakistan, the national area-weighted rainfall of 15.1 mm (0.59 in.) in March was 50% below average. The heaviest one-day rainfall of 86.0 mm (3.39 in.) occurred at Mirkhani (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province).

According to the German Meteorological Service, March precipitation for Germany as a whole was 17.3 mm (0.68 in.), which is 69.6% less than the 1991–2020 average, ranking this the sixth driest March since national records began in 1881. It was particularly dry in northern Germany, where many areas had less than 10 mm (0.39 in.) of precipitation.

In the UK, the Met Office reported that March was drier-than-average for most areas. Wales had its driest March since 1944 and fourth driest March on record, while England had its sixth driest March. Suffolk and Norfolk, Ireland experienced their second driest Marches on record, with only March 1929 drier. For the UK as a whole, March precipitation was 43% of the long term average, the 15th driest March in the 191-year record, based on provisional data.

References

Adler, R., G. Gu, M. Sapiano, J. Wang, G. Huffman 2017. Global Precipitation: Means, Variations and Trends During the Satellite Era (1979-2014). Surveys in Geophysics 38: 679-699, doi:10.1007/s10712-017-9416-4
Adler, R., M. Sapiano, G. Huffman, J. Wang, G. Gu, D. Bolvin, L. Chiu, U. Schneider, A. Becker, E. Nelkin, P. Xie, R. Ferraro, D. Shin, 2018. The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Monthly Analysis (New Version 2.3) and a Review of 2017 Global Precipitation. Atmosphere. 9(4), 138; doi:10.3390/atmos9040138
Gu, G., and R. Adler, 2022. Observed Variability and Trends in Global Precipitation During 1979-2020. Climate Dynamics, doi:10.1007/s00382-022-06567-9
Huang, B., Peter W. Thorne, et. al, 2017: Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature version 5 (ERSSTv5), Upgrades, validations, and intercomparisons. J. Climate, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0836.1
Huang, B., V.F. Banzon, E. Freeman, J. Lawrimore, W. Liu, T.C. Peterson, T.M. Smith, P.W. Thorne, S.D. Woodruff, and H-M. Zhang, 2016: Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature Version 4 (ERSST.v4). Part I: Upgrades and Intercomparisons. J. Climate, 28, 911-930, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00006.1.
Menne, M. J., C. N. Williams, B.E. Gleason, J. J Rennie, and J. H. Lawrimore, 2018: The Global Historical Climatology Network Monthly Temperature Dataset, Version 4. J. Climate, in press. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0094.1.
Peterson, T.C. and R.S. Vose, 1997: An Overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network Database. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2837-2849.
Vose, R., B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang, 2021. Implementing Full Spatial Coverage in NOAA's Global Temperature Analysis. Geophysical Research Letters 48(10), e2020GL090873; doi:10.1029/2020gl090873.

Citing This Report

NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Monthly Global Climate Report for March 2025, published online April 2025, retrieved on April 13, 2025 from https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202503. DOI: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.ncdc:C00672

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